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Tree of Heaven

Ailanthus altissima

Other Common Names

Stinktree, Stinking sumac, Varnish Tree, Chinese sumac

Plant Category

Tree

Invasive Description

Tree of Heaven was first introduced from China to America by a gardener in Philadelphia, PA, in 1784, and by 1840 was commonly available from nurseries. It is a rapidly growing, deciduous tree that can reach 80 feet or more in height. The tree has smooth stems with pale gray bark, and twigs which are light chestnut brown, especially in the dormant season. Its large compound leaves, 1-4 feet in length, are composed of 11-25 smaller leaflets and alternate along the stems. In late spring, clusters of small, yellow-green flowers appear near the tips of branches. Seeds are produced on female trees in late summer to early fall, in flat, twisted, papery structures called samaras, which may remain on the trees for long periods of time. All parts of the tree, especially the flowers, have a strong, offensive odor, which some have likened to burnt peanut butter, wet gym socks, or cat urine.

Ecological Threat

Tree of Heaven is a prolific seed producer, grows rapidly, quickly takes over and overruns native areas, forming impenetrable thickets. It produces allelopathic chemicals that prevent other plants from growing near it. The root system can cause damage to sewers and foundations. Tree of Heaven is a common tree in disturbed urban areas, where it sprouts up just about anywhere, including alleys, sidewalks, parking lots, and streets. Away from cities, it is commonly seen in fields, and along roadsides, fencerows, woodland edges and forest openings. Nationally, Tree of Heaven has become an agricultural pest and may occur as seedlings that pop up by the hundreds in recently planted fields, or as persistent thickets in rocky, untillable areas.

How to Eradicate

For information on how to eradicate this invasive, view our statement on herbicide use and preferred alternatives for invasive plants.

Native Alternatives

You can replace this invasive plant with native alternatives. Here are some plants that make superior replacements.

Match your location on the Texas map to the color squares on the replacement plants below to find suitable replacements for your ecoregion.

Click for more details about the ecoregions